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There have been fewer laws more controversial – politically, legally and emotionally – than the Affordable Care Act, aka “Obamacare”).   Controversy commenced when it was fi…

Source: OBAMACARE SURPRISE

We all use expressions and idioms in our daily lives, such as “the whole kit and caboodle, “doubting Thomas,” “gung ho,” and many, many more.  But, did you ever stop and think about their derivation?  After all, when taken literally, most of them do not make any sense.  Are they derived from old songs, literature, superstitions, or did they just come into general usage at some point?  Well, my research has indicated that the answer is some of each.  Below please find a selection of expressions and idioms and their derivations.  In addition, for fun, I have added some misquotes, i.e. quotes that are commonly attributed erroneously.

1.  “Doubting Thomas” –  a real oldie, supposedly derived from Apostle Thomas in the New Testament who was always questioning things and needed convincing.
2. “An albatross (around one’s neck) –   derived from Samuel Coleridge’s poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.”  A mariner kills an albatross, and, thereafter, the ship is plagued with bad luck.
3. “Bite the Bullet” – Before the advent of anesthetics a patient would sometimes be required literally to bite on a bullet during an operation in order to withstand the pain and not swallow his tongue.
4. “Be careful what you wish for” – According to an ancient superstition the gods might hear your wish and grant it in an unpleasant way.
5. “Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth” – When purchasing a horse it was a common practice to open its mouth and check its teeth to ascertain the horse’s general health.
6. “Yankee Doodle” – This well-known song dates back to the 1760’s.  Today, it is considered a patriotic song, and it is even the state anthem of Connecticut.  Originally, however, it was sung by British troops during the Revolutionary War in derision to mock the colonials, which they considered to be a disheveled, disorganized and rag-tag lot.  In defiance, the colonials adopted it as a patriotic song.  It is believed the tune was derived from a nursery rhyme entitled Lucy Locket, and it was put to words by a British army surgeon upon observing colonial troops.  The word “doodle” is from either the German “dodel,” meaning “fool” or “simpleton” or the German word “dudel,” meaning “playing music badly.”  “Macaroni” is a reference to “macaroni” wigs, which were fashionable in the 1770s but became slang for “foppishness.”   A “dandy” was a derisive term for a man who wore excessively fancy attire and exhibited feminine traits.
7. “Bought the farm” – This is one of many whose derivation is in dispute. I believe it is derived from the US military in the early 20th century.  Many returning soldiers would retire to the farm.  Therefore, if they were KIA it was said they “bought the farm (early).”  Another version holds that if a serviceman were KIA his family would receive a life insurance payout, which could be used to pay off the mortgage on the farm.
8.  “Bite the dust” –  Some claim this originated with the Scottish author, Tobias Smolett in his  tale the “Adventures of Gil Blas of Santillane”  Others claim it was first used by Homer in “Illiad” in 700 BC.  Still others reference the Bible, which contains the phrase “lick the dust.”  In any event, it was popularized by Hollywood, which often used the phrase in Westerns when someone (usually an outlaw) was killed.  There is also the popular song “Another One Bites the Dust,” which refers not to actual death, but to marriage.  (No comment, although the inference is clear.)
9. “Gee Whiz” – Although it is used now as a bland exclamation of surprise, the word “gee” in its various forms is a shortening of a reference to ” Jesus” as an oath.  At one time, it was considered blasphemous to print “Jesus” or “Christ” in the context of an oath.  These phrases began to appear in print in the 1870s.
10. “The Whole Kit and Caboodle” –  Various versions of this expression have appeared in literature for centuries.  According to Grose’s “Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue” (1811) the “whole kit” or “the whole kit and boodle” refers to the  entire contents of a soldier’s knapsack.  “Caboodle” is not in use anymore, except for in this expression.  According to the Dunkirk Observer-Journal (1888) boodle is derived from an Old English word “bottle,” which meant a bunch or a bundle.  Boodle is sometimes used to refer to a pile of money on a gaming table, and when a person has “lost his boodle” he has been wiped out.
11. “Gung Ho” –  This expression is derived from the Chinese  words “kung,” which means work and “ho” (together).  In the US it was popularized by General Evans Carlson during WWII.
12. “Get your goat” – This phrase began to appear in print in the early 20th century as an expression to make one angry.  Its origin is murky, but one semi-humorous, unauthenticated  version goes like this: At one time, goats were mingled with racehorses to keep them calm.  If one wanted to upset a racehorse, perhaps to gain a gambling edge, he would steal or “get,”the goat.
13. “Easy as pie”  –  A US expression derived from the fact that pie was easy to eat (not bake).  There are various references in 19th century literature, such as Mark Twain’s “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”
14. “Loose cannon” –  Cannon on 17th, 18th and 19th century ships were secured with ropes to prevent their being tossed about during storms and battles.  If one were to get loose it would cause severe and unpredictable damage.  Although there is no documented case of this actually happening, this phrase has appeared in literature often beginning with Victor Hugo in the novel “Ninety Three” in 1874.
15. “Barking up the wrong tree” –  Originally, this expression referred to hunting dogs barking around the bottom of a tree where they thought, mistakenly, their quarry was hiding.  It became popular in the US in the 1830s, appearing in newspapers and novels, such as James Kirke Paulding’s “Westward Ho.”

CONCLUSION

Finally, below please find some widely attributed quotes that were never actually said:

1.  “Play it again Sam” –  What Bogie actually said in “Casablanca” was “you played it for her;  you can play it for me!  …Play it!”  Ingrid Bergman said “Play it Sam.”  “It” was “As Time Goes By.”
2. “We are not amused.” – Based on what we know about Queen Victoria she might have and could have said that, but there is no evidence that she ever did.
3. “Why don’t you come up and see me sometime?”   Close, and not to nit pick, but what Mae West actually said was “Why don’t you come up sometime, and see me?”
4. “Elementary my Dear Watson” – Another close but no cigar (another of those expressions).   Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s fictional character, Sherlock Holmes, came close, but never actually said those exact words.
5. “Me Tarzan, you Jane.”- Attributable to Johnny Weissmuller, who played Tarzan in the early movie versions, but he never said exactly that.
6. “Beam me up, Scotty.” –  Close again, but Captain Kirk actually said “Beam us up, Mr. Scott.”
7. “Come with me to the Casbah.” -The line was attributable to Charles Boyer in the 1938 movie, “Algiers,”  but he never said it.  The source of the misquote may have been because the line was present in an early trailer, but it never made to the movie.
8. “You dirty rat.” – Cagney never said this.  What he said in 1932’s “Taxi” was “Come on out and take it you dirty, yellow-bellied rat or I’ll give it to ya through the door!”

Chances are, unless you’re an aficionado of movies and movie stars from prior to 1950, if I were to mention the name James Cagney you would only know him as an old-time actor who played “tough guys.”  But, that would be akin to labeling Babe Ruth as a guy who could play a little baseball.  In reality, Cagney was so much more than just a movie tough guy as both a performer and as a person.

James Francis Cagney, Jr. was born on July 17, 1899 in New York City.   He was the second of seven children.  The family lived on the Lower East Side, which was home to predominantly poor Irish, Italian and Jewish immigrants.  Two of his siblings died as infants, and James, himself, was so sickly as a young child that his mother was afraid he would meet the same fate.  Cagney often ascribed this early sickness to lack of adequate food due to his family’s extreme poverty.

However, Cagney survived.  After high school he briefly attended Columbia, intending to major in art, but he had to drop out due to the sudden death of his father from the flu in 1918.  (The devastating flu pandemic of 1918 was one of the greatest natural disasters in human history.  According to Wikipedia, estimates of the number of deaths attributable to it range as high as 100 million.)

Cagney worked at a wide variety of jobs to help support the family.  At times, he was a copy boy, architect, brokerage house “runner,”amateur boxer, bellhop, draftsman, and semi-professional baseball player.  Whatever the job and however little he earned he always made sure to give some money to the family.  He was such an accomplished boxer he was a runner-up for the NYS lightweight title.  In addition, he was a proficient tap dancer.  He had a habit of dancing on slanted cellar doors, which earned him the sobriquet, “Cellar-Door Cagney.”

As is often the case, his initiation into films was due to happenstance.  An aunt lived near a film studio where one of his brothers was performing.  When visiting this aunt he would often sneak in to watch the filming .  Eventually, he began to do odd jobs around the set, such handling the scenery.  Although he had no interest in actually performing, once, when his brother was ill he substituted for him.  Due to his photographic memory he performed the lines flawlessly.  Following that experience, he began to work for various movie companies in a variety of roles.

Cagney always claimed that he was naturally shy, but when performing he became someone else.  He was “not that fellow, Jim Cagney, at all.  I…lost all consciousness of him…”  One of his early roles was that of a female dancer in the musical Pitter Patter.  It was there that he met his future wife, another dancer named Frances Willard “Billie” Vernon.

The next stage of Cagney’s career was vaudeville, where he toured with a succession of troupes.  In one instance he replaced a performer named Archibald Leach.  If that name sounds vaguely familiar, you might know him as Cary Grant.  Another time, he met George M. Cohan, whom he would later portray in his signature role in Yankee Doodle Dandy.  In 1925 Cagney secured his first dramatic role as, what else, a tough guy not because of his acting ability, but simply because the producer wanted an actor with red hair, and Cagney’s hair was redder than any other actor’s who auditioned for the part.

After years of bouncing around in support roles Cagney became a star in The Public Enemy in 1931. In a strange turn of events Cagney was signed to play the role of the “nice-guy,” but after shooting began the director switched him to the role of the “tough-guy.”   In the signature scene of the movie Cagney mashes half a grapefruit into the face of his co-star, Mae Clarke, which, to this day, remains one of the most famous scenes in movie history.   Cagney received rave reviews.  For example, the New York Herald Tribune (remember it?)  characterized his performance as “…the most ruthless, unsentimental appraisal of the meanness of a petty killer the cinema has yet devised.”

The origin of the famous “grapefruit” scene is in dispute.  It was not in the original script.  The writers, the producer, and the actors have all claimed credit.  Cagney always said that for years thereafter he was offered free grapefruit in every restaurant.

Eventually, Cagney signed with Warner Brothers.  Like all studio heads of the day Jack Warner was an autocrat, used to getting his own way with entertainers.  It was common to overwork and underpay performers – 100 hours a week was not uncommon – and salaries were fixed regardless of the success of the movie.  Regardless of how  famous you might be, under the “studio system” you either toed the line or you didn’t work…anywhere.   However, Cagney’s stubborn and rebellious nature were more than a match for Warner.  He fought against Warner’s restrictions at every turn.  Warner tolerated him because of his popularity.  At one point, he simply quit.  Eventually, Warner gave in, and enhanced Cagney’s contract, probably a first in Hollywood.  Meanwhile, Cagney acquired a new sobriquet, “The Professional Againster.” During the 1930s Cagney became the studio’s biggest box office draw and highest earner –  one of the highest in all of Hollywood.

As Cagney became a megastar, he got involved in political causes.  He had always stood up for the down-trodden, a remnant of his poor roots.  In the late 1930’s he became involved with the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League, which, unbeknownst to him, was actually a “front” for the Comintern, a communist organization.  In addition, his contractual disputes, his opposition to the so-called “Merriman Tax,” by which the studios withheld some of the actors’ salaries and contributed it to political candidates, his contribution to the Spanish Republicans during the Spanish Civil War, and his involvement with the Screen Actors Guild (co-founder and president) all labeled him as a “radical” or worse, a communist.  (On the other hand, during WWII he repeatedly went on tours to entertain the troops.)  At one point he was subpoenaed to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee.  Eventually, he was exonerated of any wrong-doing.  Ironically, later in life Cagney’s politics evolved.  He became more conservative, even supporting Republicans Thomas E. Dewey and Ronald Reagan.

In 1942 Cagney played George M. Cohan in Yankee Doodle Dandy, which many  critics consider his signature role.  The film was a huge success.  It was nominated for eight Academy Awards and won three, including Best Actor for Cagney.  Playing Cohan was ideal for Cagney.  He was able to show off all his talents – singing, dancing and acting.

His last famous role was in the movie, White Heat, in 1949 in which he played, what else, a psychotic killer.  In the climactic scene, cornered by the police, Cagney’s character climbs to the top of a wall and shouts “Made it, ma!  Top of the world!’ at  which point he dies in a hale of bullets.  That line was voted the 18th greatest movie line by the American Film Institute.

CONCLUSION

Cagney’s illustrious career spanned over 60 years from 1919 to 1984.  He was much more than just a movie tough-guy, which is how most casual fans view him.   He was also an accomplished singer and dancer.  He was one of the most popular actors during Hollywood’s “Golden Age.”  Furthermore, he was in the forefront of the battle for actors rights and helped found the Screen Actors Guild.  In 1974 Cagney was honored with the American Film Institute’s Lifetime Achievement Award.  In presenting the award Charlton Heston called Cagney “… one of the most significant figures of a generation when American film was dominant.”  In addition, no less a luminary than Orson Welles called him “…maybe the greatest actor to ever appear in front of a camera.”  Hyperbole?  Perhaps, but not by much.

A few of his other honorariums:

1.  In 1984 President Reagan presented him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
2. In 1999 the US Postal Service issued a 33 cent stamp in his honor.
3. In 2015 a musical of his life and career opened on “Broadway.”  I have seen it and it is fabulous.  I highly recommend it.

Just like Bogie never said “Play it again, Sam” in Casablanca, Cagney never said “MMMmmm, you dirty rat,” a line that is often misquoted by comedians and impressionists.  What he did say in the movie, Taxi, was “Come out and take it, you dirty yellow-bellied rat, or I’ll give it to you through the door!”  Close enough for government work, …. or Hollywood.

James Cagney died on March 30, 1986 at the age of 86, but his legacy lives on.

And then there was one.

As most of you know, in the wake of Donald Trump’s recent convincing and decisive victory in the Indiana primary both Ted Cruz and John Kasich have suspended their campaigns, acknowledging that Trump is the “presumed nominee.”  Even the Chairman of the Republican National Committee, Rance Priebus, has anointed Trump as such.  Yesterday, Priebus tweeted party leaders pleading for unity, acknowledging that the race for the nomination is effectively over.  He tweeted “we need to unite and focus on defeating Hillary Clinton, #NeverClinton.”

Cruz’s and Kasich’s supporters are upset, but, in reality , they had no choice.  After Tuesday’s results their withdrawal became a matter of when, not if.  Their departure signals the end of the party insiders’ futile struggle to prevent Trump from gaining the nomination as symbolized by the “Never Trump” rallying cry.   There will not be a “brokered” convention with all the attendant drama and controversy.  Bad for the media, but good for the GOP.  Now that Trump’s nomination has become inevitable, it is time for the GOP to unite behind him.

Republicans who dislike, or even despise Trump, and there are many, must decide if they would rather have Trump in the Oval Office or suffer through four, or even eight, more years of progressive politics under the leadership of Hillary Clinton.  (Incidentally, when did the designation “liberal” morph into “progressive?”)

History buffs will see a parallel between the current situation and that of the Democrats in the 1960 election.  That year, the Dems were sharply divided.  In particular, southern Dems were bitterly opposed to JFK, who had won the nomination after a hard-fought battle against Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey and others.  JFK and Johnson hated each other.  Yet, their mutual enmity paled beside their hatred of Richard Nixon.  As most of you know, for the good of the party and to give the Dems the best chance of winning, JFK and Johnson “buried the hatchet” and Johnson joined the ticket as VP.  Johnson delivered Texas, and JFK won an extremely close election.  Similarly, the Cruz and Kasich supporters and the “Never Trumps”must decide whether to support Trump, jump to Clinton, or sit it out.

Concurrently, Trump must work to unite the party and expand the base.  It’s simple math.   There are many more registered Democrats in this country than Republicans, so he is starting with a big deficit.  For example:

1. He must soften his hard line on issues such as immigration to reassure Hispanics that he will not be deporting them by the millions.
2. He must convince African Americans that he is sensitive to their plight, especially unemployment.   He will not get a large percentage of their vote no matter what he does or says, but he needs to get some.
3. He has to continue toning down the nasty rhetoric; no more name calling.  In his acceptance speech he signaled his intent to do just that.  He heaped lavish raise on Cruz for suspending his campaign for the good of the party.  Furthermore, he called him a “tough, strong competitor, with an “amazing future.”  He needs to do more of that.
4. He has to act more “presidential” than he has.  Rightly or wrongly, many perceive him as “dangerous,” “out of control,” or even a “maniac,” and they shudder at the thought of him in control of our nuclear arsenal.
5. Perhaps, leaking the names of a few persons he is considering for VP, cabinet posts and/or Supreme Court nominations might assuage some people’s fears.

The Dems will face a similar dilemma.  Bernie Sanders won Indiana, and he shows no signs of giving up.  His campaign is on “life support,” but as long as he continues to fight he is a distraction to Clinton.  Most of the Sanders supporters hate Clinton.  Once Clinton clinches the nomination, which has always been inevitable, what will they do?  They will have the same three choices as the “Never Trumps.”

CONCLUSION

Both parties have endured acrimonious and divisive campaigns.  Now, the two nominees have been virtually decided.   The general election campaign will be commencing unofficially.  Both candidates have historically high unfavorables – according to the latest CBS poll, 57% for Trump and 52% for Clinton.  Furthermore, both will have to work to unite their respective parties so as to prevent defections to the other side.  Now, it will really get interesting.  The latest CNN/ORC poll shows Clinton ahead 54% to 41%, but history demonstrates that it is still very early in the campaign and the situation is likely to change.  Stay tuned.

The following is intended to be a “fun” blog that tests your knowledge of various topics from pop culture to American history.  See if you can identify the person described.  I tried to find a middle ground where you will be tested but not frustrated.  I hope I succeeded.

1.  My real name was William, but I was known by my nickname.  I was a straight man in one of the most famous comedy teams ever.  I performed in vaudeville, on the radio, on tv and in the  movies.  My most famous comedy skit was about baseball.
2. I had the shortest tenure of any US President.  I was the last president to have been born a British subject.  I was the grandfather of another president.  I was a renowned Indian fighter.  My most famous victory came at the Tippecanoe River.
3. My real name is Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta.  I am a famous singer, but also an accomplished songwriter and actress.  I have won six Grammys and a Golden Globe.  I was Billboard’s “Woman of the Year” in 2015.
4. I was born in PA, but I was constantly moving, seeking what I called “more elbow room.”  At one time I lived in what is now Tennessee, North Carolina, Ohio , Missouri and Kentucky, among other places.  I was a famous explorer, pioneer and woodsman in the early 18th century.  I blazed the “Wilderness Road” through the Cumberland Gap in the Appalachian Mountains from Tennessee and North Carolina to Kentucky.  I was among the first white men to explore and settle in Kentucky.
5. My real name is James Todd Smith, but everyone calls me by my famous nickname.  I have achieved notoriety as rapper, actor on tv and in the movies.  In one of my movie roles I jumped out of an airplane.  Currently, I am starring in an action show based in LA.
6. My real name was Harry Lillis ******, but I am known by my distinctive nickname.  I was the best selling recording artist of the 20th century.  I was an Academy Award winner.  I co-starred in several “road” movies with a well-known comedian.
7. I was a renowned bandleader, actor, producer and director.  I am best known for performing with my real life wife and two sons in a popular TV show that ran in the 1950s and 60s.  One son became a recording star in his own right.
8. I was one of the founding fathers.  Before, during and after the Revolutionary War I was a valued diplomat, particularly in France.  Among my many inventions were a stove, which is named after me, and bifocals.  One of my famous quotes was “We must all hang together, or most assuredly, we shall all hang separately.”
9. My birth name is Cornelius Crane *****.  I am known by my nickname, which is the same name as a well-known town in Maryland.  After hitting it big on Saturday Night Live, I left to go on “vacation” with Beverly DeAngelo.
10. I am the only person to have served as both US president and vice president without having been elected to either office.  Although I was often portrayed as being clumsy, I was actually an accomplished athlete in my youth.

ANSWERS:  1) Bud Abbott (Abbott and Costello).  2) William Henry Harrison (campaign slogan – “Tippecanoe and Tyler too”).  3) Lady Gaga.  4)  Daniel Boone; 5)  LL Cool J.  6) Bing Crosby. 7)  Ozzie Nelson; 8)  Benjamin Franklyn.  9) Chevy Chase. 10)  Gerald Ford.

Until recently, many, if not most, Americans had not heard of Harriet Tubman.  When Secretary of the Treasury Jack Lew announced that her likeness would be added to the front of the $20 bill replacing Andrew Jackson many people wondered who she was and what had she accomplished to merit that honor.  After all, Jackson was a former President of the US and a hero of the famous Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812  (and, ironically, a slaveholder).   I, myself, had a very sketchy knowledge of Tubman.  My research for this blog disclosed that she was, in fact, a very accomplished and compelling figure in US history.  Read on, and see for yourself.

Araminta Ross was born circa 1822 in Dorchester County, Maryland.  The exact date and place are unknown.  This was not uncommon, as records of slaves’ birth dates were often sketchy.   We do know that her parents were slaves, and she had many siblings.  As a child, she suffered a very serious head injury when a slave owner hit her (accidentally) with a heavy metal weight.  She nearly died, and it caused her to suffer from severe headaches, epileptic seizures, strange dreams and visions throughout her entire life.  In circa 1844 she married a free black named John Tubman. Such “blended” marriages were not uncommon on Maryland’s Eastern Shore at the time, because of the plethora of freed blacks in the area.  Sometime after, she changed her first name to Harriet, which had been her mother’s name.

In 1849 Harriet and her two brothers escaped.  They got away, but her brothers later chose to return and took her with them.  It is unclear why, but one of them had just become a father and may have wanted to reunite with his family.  Shortly thereafter, Harriet escaped again, this time without her brothers.  Her exact route was unknown, but she was surely aided by the so-called Underground Railroad, which was a network of safe houses run by abolitionists and sympathizers (many of which were Quakers) that aided runaway slaves. During the days, in order to evade detection, she would often hide in the marshes and swamps that proliferated the area.  On one occasion, the owner of the house in which she was hiding had her perform yardwork, in order to blend in as part of the household.  Years later, she said that upon crossing into Pennsylvania she had such a feeling of relief and awe that she “felt like [she] was in heaven,” and [she] “looked at [her] hands to see if [she] was the same person.”  It is hard for us to imagine those strong feelings.

Over a period of eleven years Tubman returned to the Maryland area over a dozen times to rescue slaves.  It is estimated that she personally escorted 70 slaves to safety and provided detailed instructions to 50 or so more.  Her ingenious planning favored arranging  escapes in the winter (when the nights were longer and potential witnesses would tend to stay indoors) and on Saturday nights (which provided a longer head start because newspapers did not print runaway notices until Monday).  Quick thinking was also a necessity.  One time, while riding a train she spotted one of her former slave owners nearby.  Fearing he would recognize her, she quickly grabbed a newspaper lying nearby and pretended to read it.  Her hope was that he would not think it was she, because he knew she was illiterate.   The deception worked.

Tubman was never captured, never even suspected, nor were any of the slaves she guided.  She was fond of saying “I never ran my train off the track, and I never lost a passenger.”  She was so successful that the renowned abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, nicknamed her “Moses” (for obvious reasons).

In the years immediately preceding the Civil War Tubman became associated with John Brown, the notorious activist, some would say, “terrorist,” who was a strong proponent of using violence to destroy slavery.  She was not, however, present when he raided Harpers Ferry, and, thus, was not tainted by that ill-fated escapade.

Tubman was active for the Union during the Civil War.  Among her many accomplishments:

1. She helped map certain marshy and swampy areas with which she was familiar for Union armies.
2. She provided critical intelligence that assisted in the capture of Jacksonville.
3. She nursed wounded union soldiers in army hospitals in the South.
4. She became the first woman to lead an armed assault during the war.  The attack against a  group of plantations along the Combahee River in South Carolina resulted in the rescue of over 750 slaves.

In her later years she retired to her farm in Auburn, NY, which she had purchased in 1859 from none other than Senator William Seward, a prominent politician from the area who was to run for president in 1860,  and who, in later life would be responsible for the purchase of Alaska from Russia for a pittance.  In addition, she became active in the Women’s Suffrage movement, working alongside luminaries such as Susan B. Anthony.

Eventually, she became penniless, and was forced to rely on donations from friends and well-wishers to survive.  She died in 1911 from pneumonia.

CONCLUSION

Tubman was widely respected and admired during her lifetime, however, following her death she became a national icon.  Consider:

1. She has had countless statues, plaques, schools and memorials named in her honor.
2. The federal government established two national parks in her honor – one in Maryland and one in Auburn, NY.
3. Literary honorariums include two films, biographies and an opera.
4. In 1944 the US launched the SS Harriet Tubman.
5. In 1978 the US Postal Service issued a stamp in her honor.
6. A survey taken late in the 20th Century named her as number three on a list of the most famous civilians in American history before the Civil War. Can you guess the two ahead of her?  See below.
7. She has even had an asteroid named after her (#241528).
8. And, now the $20 bill with her likeness.  By the way, don’t go crazy looking for the new bill just yet.  The Treasury estimates the new bills will not be ready for circulation until 2030.

Due to the foregoing,  one can easily discern the reasons for placing Tubman’s likeness on the $20 bill.

Answer:  Betsy Ross and Paul Revere.

My darling and devoted wife claims I have very limited knowledge of pop culture.  Perhaps, but let’s test your knowledge.  You know the drill: no peeking at the internet.  Good luck

1. Each of the following has hosted the Academy Awards, EXCEPT:

(a)  Anne Hathaway;  (b) Paul Hogan; (c) Jay Leno; (d) Jon Stewart

2.  Shonda Rhimes created each of the following tv shows, EXCEPT:

(a) “Grey’s Anatomy;” (b) “Scandal;” (c) “The Catch;” (d) “Chicago Medical”

3.   Which famous entertainer was born in Steubenville, Ohio?

(a)  Dean Martin;  (b)  Bing Crosby; (c) Jack Benny; (d) Liberace

4.  All of the below were “American Idol” judges, EXCEPT:

(a) Steven Tyler; (b) Kara DioGuardi; (c) Simon Cowell; (d) Smokey Robinson

5.  Name the original host of the tv game show, “Jeopardy.”

(a)  Don Pardo; (b) Art Fleming; (c) Pat Sajak; (d) Bill Cullen

6.  Each of the following was a member of the Marx Brothers, EXCEPT:

(a)  Gummo; (b) Bammo; (c)  Chico; (d) Harpo

7.  Which child actor debuted in the tv show “Little House on the Prairie?”

(a)  Ed Furlong; (b) Richard Thomas; (c) Jerry Mathers; (d) Jason Bateman

8.  In the famous Abbott and Costello comedy routine “Who’s on First,” the name of the second baseman is:

(a)  What; (b) When; (c) Tomorrow; (d) I don’t know.

9.  Each of the following entertainers was born on Long Island, EXCEPT:

(a)  Jerry Seinfeld; (b) William Baldwin; (c) Mariah Carey; (d) Andre Levins

10.  Who was Marion Mitchell Morrison?

(a)  James Cagney; (b) Jimmy Stewart; (c) John Wayne; (d) Clark Gabel

11.  According to Nielsen, the top rated tv show for the week of March 28, 2016 was

(a)  “NCIS”; (b) “60 Minutes;” (c) “Empire;” (d) “Big Bang Theory”

12.  Each of the below is a member of the 2016 “Saturday Nite Live” cast, EXCEPT:

(a)  Pamela Tola; (b) Numa Lahtinen; (c) Melissa McCarthy; (d) Andre Wickstrom

13.   Fox news host Bill O”Reilly was raised in

(a)  Levittown, NY; (b)  Boston, MA; (c) New York City; (d) Pittsburgh, PA

14.   Taylor Swift won her first Grammy in:

(a) 2008; (b) 2009; (c) 2010; (d) 2011

15.    Who played “Rhoda Morgenstern” on the “Mary Tyler Show?”

(a)  Valerie Harper; (b) Betty White; (c) Chloris Leachman; (d) Rose Marie

16.  Alfred Hitchcock directed each of the below movies, EXCEPT:

(a) “Psycho;” (b) “Marnie;” (c) “The Birds;” (d) “The House of Wax”

17.   Which Kardashian is married to former NBA player, Lamar Odom?

(a) Kloe; (b) Kim; (c) Kourtney; (d) Kendall

18.     “The Dancing with the Stars” season 1 winner was

(a)  Emmitt Smith; (b) Jennifer Grey; (c) Kelly Monaco; (d) Shawn Johnson

19.  Which of the below actors played “Danno” on the original “Hawaii 50” tv series?

(a)  Al Harrington; (b) Buddy Epsen; (c) Larry Manetti; (d) James MacArthur

20.  Which of the below actors played “Newman” on “Seinfeld?”

(a) Wayne Knight; (b) Jerry  Stiller; (c) Brad Garrett (d) Ben Stein

ANSWERS: (1)  c;  (2)  d; (3) a; (4) d; (5)  b; (6) b; (7) d; (8) a; (9) a; (10)  c;  (11) d;  (12) c; (13) a; (14) c; (15) a: (16) d; (17) a; (18) c; (19) d; (20) a.

CONCLUSION

Well, there you have it.  Hopefully, it’s not too easy and not too hard.  Let me know how you did.

Number 42.  Does that have any special meaning for you, or is it just another number?   Baseball fans, civil rights advocates, and students of history will recognize it as the uniform number worn by Jackie Robinson of the Brooklyn Dodgers.   It should be noted that that uniform number has two other major significances:

1. It is the only number to have been retired by every major league baseball team (1997); and
2. since 2004, every year on April 15 on what is known as “Jackie Robinson Day,”every player wears that number in tribute to Jackie Robinson in recognition of the anniversary of his debut in the major leagues in 1947.  On that historic date Jackie became the first African American to play in the major leagues since the 1880s.  Remember, in 1947 segregation was the law of the land.  The Brown Supreme Court decision integrating public schools would not come until 1954.  Even the armed forces would not be integrated until 1948.

Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919 in Cairo, Georgia.  His parents chose his middle name in honor of President Teddy Roosevelt, who had recently died. He was the youngest of five children.  One of his older brothers, Mack, would later earn some notoriety by winning the silver medal in the 100 meter dash in the 1936 Olympics.  Jackie’s parents were sharecroppers and barely scraping by, so in 1920 they moved to Pasadena, California seeking a better life.

In high school and college Jackie excelled in five sports – baseball, basketball, football, track and tennis.  Basically, he was an all-around athlete who excelled in any sport he tried.  At UCLA he became the school’s first athlete to “letter” in four sports (all of the above except tennis).  One of his teammates on the 1939 UCLA football team was the future actor, Woody Strode.  Ironically, statistically, at least, baseball was his worst sport of the four.

In 1941 Jackie left UCLA just shy of graduating to play semi-pro football, but in early 1942 he was drafted and stationed at Fort Riley in Texas.   He applied for admission to OCS.  Initially, his application was rejected as few blacks were accepted at the time, but following a personal appeal from Joe Louis, the reigning heavyweight boxing champ, he was accepted.

Jackie’s tenure in the army was marred by one unfortunate incident in which his fiery temperament got him in trouble.  While riding an Army bus one day the driver told him to move to the back.  Jackie refused. As a result he was nearly court-martialed for insubordination and other trumped up offenses.  A conviction would have changed the course of his life and, possibly, the country’s as well, but he was acquitted.

In 1945 Jackie signed to play for the Kansas City Monarchs in the Negro leagues.  Unbeknownst to him, Branch Rickey, President of the Brooklyn Dodgers, was looking for a Negro to break the major leagues’ “color barrier,” which had been in place since the 1880s.  He had compiled a list of the best players in the Negro leagues and was evaluating them for suitability.  There were many players better than Jackie, notably Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson, but due to age, temperament and other factors, they were all eliminated in favor of Jackie.  Rickey knew the first player would have to “turn the other cheek” to a great deal of verbal, physical and emotional abuse.  Otherwise, it might be many more years before the next Negro got a chance.  When he told Jackie this, Jackie was shocked and replied “Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back?”  Rickey’s famous reply was that he was seeking a Negro “with guts enough not to fight back.”

To make a long story short, Rickey signed Jackie.  He played for the Montreal Royals, the Dodgers AAA minor league affiliate in the International League, in 1946.  He “tore up” the league, winning the MVP award.  The next year he made his debut in the major leagues.  To me, his debut was one of the most significant events not only in baseball history, but also in the country’s history.

There was tremendous resistance not only from other Dodgers, but from players on other teams as well.  Luckily, Dodger management was behind Jackie 100%.  When some Dodgers players threatened to quit, strike or demand a trade, the team’s manager, Leo Durocher, a fiery, no nonsense person himself, nipped the rebellion in the bud.   He declared: “I do not care if the guy is yellow or black, or if he has stripes like a f****** zebra.  I’m the manager of this team, and I say he plays.”  Players on other teams also threatened to strike, but the commissioner quelled that rebellion quickly as well.  Nevertheless, Jackie had to endure a tremendous amount of prejudice and abuse on and off the field (name calling, spiking, being hit by pitches, separate lodging and restaurants on the road, etc.).  Eventually, other blacks would join him in the majors.  Their life was very difficult, and some could not survive, but many more did.

CONCLUSION

Rickey chose well with Jackie.  In baseball parlance, he “knocked it out of the park.”  Attendance soared and not just in Brooklyn but in every other city as well.  Black people came in droves to see their hero, Jackie Robinson, play.  In those days, attendance was the primary source of ball clubs’ revenue, so Jackie made money for everyone.

Not only did Jackie “take” all the abuse without incident, he starred on the field and became an integral part of one of the most storied teams in baseball history, the “Boys of Summer.”  In a ten-year period from 1947-1956 that team dominated the National League.  It won six pennants, lost another in a playoff and lost another by one game.  Among Jackie’s many MLB accomplishments:

1. Rookie of the year in 1947 (the first one).
2. National League MVP in 1949.
3. Appeared in six World Series.
4. World champion in 1955.
5. First ballot hall of famer in 1962.
6. Member of the MLB All-Century team.

Jackie was extremely versatile,  Although he came up as a second baseman, he also played first, third and the outfield.  Many times, he was among the league leaders in fielding at his position.  He was one of the best “clutch” players I have ever observed.  He could beat you with the bat, the glove or on the bases.  I have never seen a better baserunner or a tougher competitor.   When on base, he would drive the opposing pitcher crazy with his antics.  He was always a threat to steal a base.  I saw him steal home in the 1955 World Series.  When caught in a rundown he often escaped, which, generally, was a rarity.  His aggressive style of play was unique for the 1940s and 1950s.

As far as his extreme competitive nature, one story will suffice.  In the decisive third game of the 1951 playoff with the NY Giants, when the Giants’ Bobby Thompson hit the game winning home run, all the Dodgers left the field immediately with their heads down in defeat.  All except for Jackie.  He watched and made sure that Thompson touched all the bases on his home run trot.  He would not accept defeat until Thompson had completed his circuit.

Jackie retired from baseball after the 1956 season worn down by age and diabetes, but he did not retire from life.  For example, he became very active in the civil rights movement; he became the first black to serve as vp of a major corporation (Chock Full O’Nuts); he went into broadcasting; and he acted in a movie of his own life story.

Ultimately, however, his fierce competitiveness could not overcome ill health.  Jackie died on October 24, 1972 at the relatively young age of 53 from complications of heart disease and diabetes.  I’m sure that all the stress he had to endure on the playing field also contributed to his early demise.

Jackie’s legacy, however, lives on.  There are countless, statues, schools, parks and roads named in his honor.  Moreover, every time a black or other minority takes the field in the major leagues, the NFL or the NBA, he owes a debt to the pioneer who made it all possible,  Jack Roosevelt Robinson.

Which presidential election would you consider the most significant and controversial in US history and why?  Would it be the 1932 election in which FDR routed Herbert Hoover, which led to the New Deal and the eventual end to the Great Depression?   Perhaps, you would select the 1876 election in which Rutherford B. Hayes defeated Samuel Tilden?  (For you non-history buffs, on Election Day, Tilden, the Dem, won the popular vote and captured 184 electoral votes to 165 for Hayes, the Republican, with 20 electors in dispute.  After much negotiation, in order to avoid a constitutional crisis the powers that be agreed to a controversial compromise deal in which all 20 electoral votes were awarded to Hayes making him president.  In return, the GOP agreed to withdraw all Federal troops from the former Confederate States ending the controversial Reconstruction period.)   Or, perhaps, you would favor the 2000 (“hanging chad”) election in which the dispute was eventually resolved by the Supreme Court, along straight political lines, in favor of Bush 43  over Al Gore?   Or, is it this year’s election with all the twists and turns that have and may still occur?

In my opinion, it is none of those.  The nod goes to the 1860 election won by Abraham Lincoln.  Here’s why:

1.  The country was sharply divided over slavery, not only North vs. South, but also in some of the newly settled territories, such as Kansas and Texas.  The slavery issue had been dividing the country since colonial days, percolating like a simmering volcano ready to explode.  Politicians, as is their wont, had been loath to make the hard choices necessary to resolve it.  Instead they had delayed decisive action  repeatedly.  By 1860 the issue had come to a head as several southern states were threatening to secede from the union over it.  Secession, if allowed to stand, would have destroyed the nation, perhaps, even enabling the European powers to gobble up the pieces.  The next president would have no choice but to deal with it once and for all.
2. The political situation in the country was in disarray.  The nominations and general election were wide open.  The Democratic Party had difficulty settling on a nominee.  Finally, it nominated Stephen A. Douglas.  Douglas was unacceptable to southern Dems, so they nominated Vice President John Breckenridge, of Kentucky.  The Union Party nominated former Tennessee senator John Bell.  The fledgling GOP was unable to agree on a candidate prior to the convention.  The major contenders were William Seward, a veteran politician who had held several political offices, notably Governor of NY, Ohio Governor Salmon Chase, former Missouri congressman Edward Bates, and a little known, relatively inexperienced former congressman from Illinois named Abraham Lincoln.
3. There were no primaries in 1860, so the GOP convention was wide open.  Seward was the front runner, but he had a lot of enemies.  (Sound familiar)?   One that you may have heard of was the prominent publisher Horace Greeley (“Go West, young man.  Go West.”).  They spread the word that Seward, who was not without controversy, was anathema to many people, especially in the key states of Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania and New Jersey.  Since Breckenridge was the consensus heavy favorite in all the southern states, the GOP felt it had to win virtually all of the northern ones.  Therefore, there were doubts concerning Seward’s electability.  Consequently, his appeal waned.
4. As Seward began to fade, more and more delegates turned to Lincoln.  Lincoln had not been considered a major candidate prior to the convention, and in most years probably would have been ignored.  But, this was not a normal year.  The country was on the brink of civil war, and the GOP was desperate to win the presidency.  Lincoln’s only hope had been to bide his time and hope for an open convention in which he could become a compromise candidate.  His strategy worked as he became perceived as a compromise moderate candidate who could carry the above key states.
5. He was nominated on the third ballot.
6. Here’s a lesson for today’s fractured GOP.  Seward, though spurned by the Party hierarchy at the convention he had entered as the front-runner, still campaigned vigorously for Lincoln.  His support, especially in NY, was crucial to Lincoln’s narrow victory.
7. As we know, historians generally rank Lincoln as one of three or four greatest presidents.  Ironically, if not for the confluence of various unlikely events and circumstances as noted above, he would never have been elected or even nominated.  His greatest achievement, what I believe to be the greatest achievement of any of our presidents, was to preserve the Union by winning the Civil War.  Freeing the slaves was a very significant by-product, but Lincoln always said his main objective was to keep the union intact.  Freeing the slaves was a means to that end and not universally popular at the time, even in the North.  In fact, it was one of the main factors that led to his assassination.